Pirates et corsaires
Daniel Vaxelaire
Premiers Castor Doc, 60 p., 7,50 e, ISBN 978-2-0812-0108-8.
Peut-on attirer les enfants à la lecture sans les abêtir ? Flammarion démontre que cet ambitieux objectif est à la portée d'un éditeur intelligent grâce à cette belle collection destinées aux 8-12 ans. Très bien illustré, par des dessins originaux et par des images bien choisies, ce volume consacré aux pirates est l'exemple même de ce qu'il faut faire. Le texte est accessible à des jeunes lecteurs sans pour autant éviter les mots compliqués : il suffit de les expliquer. L'auteur réussit le tour de force de raconter avec un bel esprit de synthèse l'histoire des pirates et des corsaires sans qu'un adulte averti y trouve à redire. Avec justesse, s'il insiste sur les Caraïbes, Daniel Vaxelaire n'oublie pas pour autant les autres régions du monde, notamment les forbans chinois.Chose rare, ce petit livre rappelle que la vie d'un pirate se caractérisait notamment par… l'ennui ! Ces longues journées d'errance dans l'attente d'une proie, ponctuées par des repas maigres et peu appétissants avec pour toute perspective une vie brève et malheureuse.L'auteur sort de la routine des publicistes paresseux et montre qu'il connaît bien son sujet et qu'il a eu de bonnes lectures (qu'il ne cite malheureusement pas en bibliographie). Ainsi, il explique que le bateau du pirate (ou de corsaire) débutant était la… chaloupe. Les unités plus voilées, emportant plus d'hommes et beaucoup de canons étaient rares, l'apanage des marins les plus chanceux. Enfin, le traitement de la guerre de course est tout aussi excellent.Le lecteur apprend qu’elle est un moyen de compenser la faiblesse des marines nationales, ce fut une politique délibérée de la France, notamment sous Louis XIV.
L'auteur de la légende n'a pas été très attentif.
Le « trois-mâts à l'ancre au premier plan » est en réalité une frégate qui entre au port.
Le « trois-mâts à l'ancre au premier plan » est en réalité une frégate qui entre au port.
Jolie image d'un navire anglais antérieur à 1630. A cette époque, les architectes ne savent pas bien calculer le centre de gravité des bateaux et donc la répartition des canons n'est pas optimale.
Les Allemands ont largement fait appel à des croiseurs auxiliaires pour donner la chasse au commerce ennemi. Ici, une photo du retour en Allemagne de l'équipage du Wolf le 6 mars 1918 après une croisière de 15 mois. L'amiral Bachmann lance un salut à l'empereur Guillaume II.
Signalons une lacune, il passe sous silence les corsaires ennemis de la France qu'ils soient Flamands au service de l'Espagne ou Anglais. Enfin, il oublie de mentionner le traité de Paris de 1856 qui met un terme à l'existence des corsaires, réservant la chasse aux bateaux de commerce à des Marines d’Etat (les Allemands en feront largement usage et l'auteur cite à juste titre l'Atlantis, un des plus extraordinaires corsaires du XXe siècle). A une exception près : la constitution des Etats-Unis n'a pas renoncé à la guerre de course !
The power to grant letters of marque was given to the federal government in the Constitution of the United States in Article 1, Section 8. Such letters were issued regularly in the early years of the United States, particularly during the War of 1812. Privateering was ended by international law in 1856 with the signing of the Declaration of Paris treaty by the major naval powers. The United States, not yet a power, declined to be party to the treaty but observed the end of privateering in practice. During the Civil War, the Confederacy issued 99 letters of marque (the most famous Southern privateer being the fictional Rhett Butler of Gone with the Wind).
Since Article 1, Section 8 of the Constitution still stands, some have suggested that the concept of the letter of marque and reprisal could be revived as a weapon against terrorists. Since September 11, 2001, several bills have been introduced in Congress that would allow the State Department to issue letters of marque and reprisal to private individuals to hunt down, attack, and seize assets from terrorists, but none have made it out of committee.
Pour en savoir plus sur cette question de droit public américain
Le lecteur attentif peut relever quelques oublis dus à une relecture hâtive. Les boulets rouges (chauffés au rouge vif dans des fours) étaient utilisés par les artilleurs à terre et non à bord des navires ou encore, le Sea Adler prend la mer au début de la Première Guerre mondiale et non de la Seconde, le nom du cuirassé de poche Admiral Graf Spee est mal orthographié, la carte de la piraterie confond le XVII et XVIIIe siècles, celle de l’empire espagnol d’Amérique n’indique pas de date et ses données historiques sont fantaisistes, etc. Quoi qu'il en soit, ce petit livre est une réussite que l'on doit recommander à tous les parents et aux enseignants.
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