mardi 27 avril 2010

Slate se penche sur la Belgique

Le magazine en ligne Slate a publié un article bien fait de José-Alain Fralon sur les divisions entre Flamands et francophones. Même si l'auteur ignore la dimension de réglement de comptes historique, son papier est un des meilleurs parus dans la presse française.

La Belgique est morte: et si la Flandre était indépendante? (1/3)

Cette marche vers l'indépendance paraît inéluctable.


Elections générales ou non, la crise politique paraît aujourd'hui si profonde que le temps est venu de se demander si la Belgique a encore un avenir. Non, répond José-Alain Fralon. L'ancien correspondant du Monde à Bruxelles, auteur de «La Belgique est morte, vive la Belgique», s'en explique pour Slate dans une série de trois articles dont voici le premier volet.

***

«La moitié des Flamands est pour l'indépendance de la Flandre, l'autre moitié n'est pas contre», s'amusait-on à dire, hier, en Belgique. Aujourd'hui, cette plaisanterie est en passe de devenir réalité, tant les Flamands sont de plus en plus nombreux à souhaiter la fin de la Belgique unie.

Certes, il s'en trouvera toujours pour affirmer, surtout devant des médias étrangers, que le divorce n'est pas pour demain et que «tout cela» est «la faute aux homme politiques qui donnent une image tronquée de la vraie Belgique». Ils mettront aussi en avant certains sondages qui, ici comme ailleurs, sont souvent contradictoires. En 2008, une courte majorité de Flamands se prononçaient ainsi pour le maintien de la Belgique alors que 2/3 d'entre eux jugeaient inévitable la séparation d'avec les Francophones!

La montée de l'indépendantisme politique

Reste le seul juge de paix acceptable: les élections. Or, la tendance forte que l'on peut tirer de toutes les consultations électorales des dix dernières années est d'abord la montée en puissance des partis demandant, noir sur blanc, l'indépendance de la Flandre. Ils rassemblent aujourd'hui plus de 30% du corps électoral et tout indique qu'ils amélioreront encore leur score lors des prochaines élections.

On assiste parallèlement à un renforcement très net des tendances autonomistes, voire indépendantistes, à l'intérieur des partis traditionnels. Ainsi, la dernière crise a été ouverte par le parti libéral flamand, qui passe pourtant pour la plus modérée des formations flamandes. Même les écolos, qui sont les seuls à avoir un groupe parlementaire commun, se sont divisés entre Francophones et Flamands lors de la dernière crise.

Bref, les Flamands veulent être indépendants. Et pourquoi pas? Cette volonté plonge ses racines suffisamment loin dans l'histoire du pays pour ne pas être traitée à la légère. Cette tendance lourde commence tout simplement avec la création même de la Belgique en 1830. Peuplée en majorité de Flamands, celle-ci est alors outrageusement dominée par la bourgeoisie francophone. A cette époque, même en Flandre, il est de bon ton pour la classe dominante de parler le français!

Imaginons Jan, né en 1830...

Pour montrer la lenteur avec laquelle les Flamands ont pu voir reconnaître leurs droits les plus fondamentaux, le quotidien Le Soir a imaginé l'histoire d'un enfant flamand, Jan, qui naît en 1830. Il devra attendre d'avoir 43 ans pour que sa langue soit parlée au tribunal, 58 ans pour pouvoir payer avec le premier billet de banque bilingue et 68 ans pour que le néerlandais devienne une langue officielle. Et c'est seulement son arrière-petit-fils qui, en 1930, pourra faire ses études dans une université entièrement néerlandophone!

Ce long combat pour l'égalité aurait pu s'arrêter le 28 février 1993. Ce jour-là, en effet, la constitution décrète, en son article premier, que «la Belgique est un état fédéral». Les Flamands ont obtenu gain de cause: la parité avec les Francophones et une très large autonomie. D'autant qu'ils trustent depuis 1974 le poste de Premier ministre et que leur économie est maintenant florissante alors que la Wallonie s'enfonce dans une crise gravissime.

Jeu, set et match, pour les descendants du petit Jan? Eh bien, non! L'encre de la nouvelle constitution est à peine sèche que le président du parti social-chrétien flamand, la formation qui domine la vie politique belge, s'empresse de remettre les pendules à l'heure. «Rien ne doit empêcher de poursuivre les discussions sur d'autres sujets», écrit un certain Herman Van Rompuy, aujourd'hui «Monsieur Europe». «La Flandre ne dort jamais», ironise alors un journaliste du Soir, expliquant par là que l'on n'en aura jamais fini avec les revendications flamandes.

Poteau du nord, poteau du sud

Le rouleau compresseur est en marche et rien ne l'arrêtera. En force ou en douceur, profitant aussi bien des périodes de crise que d'accalmie, pensant déjà à la prochaine bataille avant même d'avoir digéré les résultats du dernier combat, les Flamands n'ont de cesse de vider de sa substance l'Etat central au profit des régions. Jusqu'à la couleur des poteaux indicateurs, désormais différente au nord et au sud du pays. Les dirigeants flamands ont même décidé de créer leur propre ligue de football amateur.

Prochain objectif: régionaliser le système de protection sociale, un des plus avancés au monde, ce qui, du même coup, réduirait le flux d'argent passant de Flandres vers la Wallonie. Aujourd'hui, en effet, les citoyens flamands doivent mettre la main à la poche pour aider leurs compatriotes francophones. Les chiffres, et les symboles varient. Pour les «modérés», chaque famille flamande doit donner l'équivalent d'un demi de bière par jour à la Wallonie. Pour les «durs», l'équivalent d'une voiture par an... En ces temps où le «chacun pour soi» devient la règle dans toute l'Europe, ces images font mouche.

Le social-chrétien flamand Yves Leterme, le Premier ministre trois fois démissionnaire (deux démissions ont été acceptées, en 2008 et le 26 avril 2010), avait apporté sa pierre au débat en déclarant, en 2006, que, selon lui, la Belgique «n'était pas une valeur en soi» et que ce pays n'avait plus en commun que «le roi, l'équipe de foot et certaines bières». Répétons-le: c'est un Premier ministre qui parlait de son pays!

Quant aux Belges, Flamands comme Francophones, ils avouent, pour peu qu'on les écoute, qu'ils vivent, en fait, dans deux pays différents et qu'ils n'ont pratiquement plus rien à se dire. «Si le soi-disant désaccord cache l'indifférence, la rupture est inévitable à long terme», estime Rik Torfs, professeur à l'université flamande de Louvain. «Des deux côtes de la frontière linguistique, explique-t-il, nous ne partageons ni les mêmes vedettes, ni les mêmes livres, ni les mêmes journaux, ni les mêmes programmes télé. Ni même, par la force des choses, les mêmes sujets politiques capables de mobiliser ou d'intéresser la population.»

Chacun chez soi

La Belgique d'aujourd'hui? Un couple qui fait chambre à part depuis déjà longtemps, qui n'a plus rien ou pas grand-chose à se dire, qui n'a plus beaucoup d'amis, ou d'ennemis, communs, qui regarde dans des directions opposées, mais qui doit régulièrement se rencontrer pour régler une fuite d'eau dans la cuisine. Et là, on s'envoie la vaisselle à la figure! Cette fuite d'eau, c'est le statut de la périphérie de Bruxelles.

Résumons: Bruxelles, ville officiellement située en Flandre, même si à certains endroits elle se trouve à seulement à 3.200 mètres très exactement de la frontière wallonne, a vécu une «mue linguistique» rarement connue ailleurs. En 1830, plus de 70% des Bruxellois parlent flamand. En 1880, ils ne sont plus qu'environ 50%. Et aujourd'hui? Moins de 15%. Pourtant, les Flamands, spécialement les plus âgés d'entre eux, continuent, contre vents et marées, à vouloir garder cette ville dans leur giron. N'est-elle pas aujourd'hui la capitale de la région flamande? Jusqu'à présent, cet attachement viscéral des Flamands pour Bruxelles a été une des causes principales du non éclatement de la Belgique.

Ce qui est nouveau, et fondamental, c'est que de plus en plus de Flamands, commencent à dire, et certains même ouvertement, que l'indépendance vaut bien la perte de Bruxelles. Dans la Flandre profonde, volontiers xénophobe, on se passerait aisément de cette ville, cosmopolite s'il en est, abritant une population très forte d'immigrés maghrébins ou africains, et commençant à connaître de sérieux problèmes d'insécurité.

S'ils acceptent de «perdre» Bruxelles, les Flamands, en revanche, n'abandonneront jamais aux Francophones un millimètre carré supplémentaire de leur territoire. D'où la lutte qu'ils mènent, aux mépris des règles démocratiques élémentaires, contre l'usage du français dans certaines communes de la périphérie de Bruxelles, peuplées en majorité de Francophones.

La crise actuelle a ainsi montré une totale unanimité des Flamands pour exiger la fin de ce qui constitue en fait un des derniers avatars de la «Belgique de papa»: l'arrondissement de Bruxelles-Hal-Vilvorde, regroupant Bruxelles et certaines circonscriptions flamandes. «Chacun chez soi»: telle est désormais la loi flamande.

Et si, en fait, les négociations actuelles ne servaient pas à replâtrer un pays se fissurant mais à délimiter, déjà, les frontières du futur Etat flamand? La question n'est plus, alors, de se demander si la Flandre veut son indépendance, mais quand et comment celle-ci verra le jour.

José-Alain Fralon

PS: J'écris «Francophones» avec une majuscule, contre l'avis de nombreux correcteurs, car je pense qu'il s'agit d'une communauté en tant que telle: les Francophones de Belgique.


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