Un des facteurs qui peuvent concourir à expliquer l'échec de ces enfants et adolescents est l'inexpérience des enseignants et la difficulté de ces professeurs novices à maîtriser des classes difficiles où une majorité d'élèves ne veut pas étudier mais cherche à établir par l'indiscipline et la violence, une sorte de hiérarchie sociale parallèle, le caïdat scolaire.
Une des solutions avancées par les bureaucrates du Ministère est d'inciter les enseignants plus expérimentés à rester dans ces établissements cars ils seraient plus à même de réduire le taux d'échec.
Une étude rendue publique aujourd'hui, et qui sera publiée bientôt par le Journal of Labor Economics, ne permet pas d'envisager avec optimisme cette politique.
Son auteur, C. Kirabo Jackson de l'université de Cornell University, révèle que si les établissements difficiles, ce qui dans le contexte américain se traduit par des écoles à majorité noire, manquent de bons enseignants, c'est parce que ces professeurs expérimentés les désertent.
Dans la région de Charlotte, en Caroline du Nord, les écoles ont cessé d'intégrer par la force les élèves en 2002. En conséquence, reflétant l'équilibre racial de leur quartier, les écoles sont rapidement devenues à majorité blanche ou noire.
En étudiant les écoles devenues à majorité noire, le chercheur s'est rendu compte que les enseignants expérimentés les quittaient aussi vite que possible pour aller enseigner dans les écoles à majorité blanche.
Constatation plus étonnante encore : les enseignants noirs de qualité ne veulent pas de classes composées de leurs frères de race, ils préfèrent avoir des élèves blancs.
En revanche, pour quelles raisons les enseignants expérimentés, noirs comme blancs, préfèrent des élèves blancs à des élèves noirs, l'étude n'en dit rien et n'hésite pas à écrire qu'il est difficile de le savoir.
L'auteur n'avance pas l'hypothèse que les enseignants n'osent pas avouer leurs motivations.
La conclusion, que se garde bien de tirer le chercheur, est que tant que les spécificités de la pédagogie des enfants noirs ne seront pas reconnues, les causes de l'échec de ces enfants ne pourront pas être analysées et combattues.
Les tristes conclusions de l'étude de C. Kirabo Jackson sont en tout point transposables à la France à la différence près que dans notre pays les oeillères et le politiquement correct sont bien plus forts.
Pauvres enfants !
Study: Teachers choose schools according to student race
A study forthcoming in the Journal of Labor Economics suggests that high-quality teachers tend to leave schools that experience inflows of black students. According to the study's author, C. Kirabo Jackson (Cornell University), this is the first study to show that a school's racial makeup may have a direct impact on the quality of its teachers.
"It's well established that schools with large minority populations tend to have lower quality teachers," Dr. Jackson said. "But it is unclear whether these schools are merely located in areas with a paucity of quality teachers, whether quality teachers avoid these schools because of the neighborhood or economic factors surrounding a school, or whether there is a direct relationship between student characteristics and teacher quality."
Dr. Jackson's findings suggest that it's not neighborhoods keeping high-quality teachers away; it's the students—and it's directly related to their race.
"This is particularly sobering because it implies that, all else equal, black students will systematically receive lower quality instruction," Jackson said. "This relationship may be a substantial contributor to the black-white achievement gap in American schools."
The study focused on the Charlotte-Mecklenberg school district in North Carolina. In 2002, the district ended its race-based busing program, which distributed the district's minority population across its schools. When the policy ended, some schools had a large and sudden inflow of black students. Since the racial makeup of the schools changed suddenly but the neighborhood and economic factors surrounding them stayed the same, Jackson could test the impact the student body itself had on teacher quality.
Using data supplied by the North Carolina Education Research Data Center, Jackson found that schools that had an increase in black enrollment suffered a decrease in their share of high-quality teachers, as measured by years of experience and certification test scores. Teacher effectiveness, as measured by teachers' previous ability to improve student test scores, decreased in the black inflow schools as well. The change in quality for each school generally occurred in the same year that the busing program ended, indicating that teachers moved in anticipation of more black students.
"This study implies teachers may prefer a student body that is more white and less black," Jackson says.
Black teachers were slightly more likely than white teachers to stay in the schools that experienced a black inflow, the study found. However, those black teachers who did leave black schools tended to be the highest qualified black teachers. So the decline in quality was somewhat more pronounced among black teachers than white teachers.
Just what it is about black students that pushes high-quality teachers away is hard to pin down, Dr. Jackson says. It could be that teachers are reacting to notions about black students' achievement or income levels.
C. Kirabo Jackson, "Student Demographics, Teacher Sorting, and Teacher Quality: Evidence from the End of School Desegregation," Journal of Labor Economics 27:2.
Since 1983, the Journal of Labor Economics has presented international research that examines issues affecting the economy as well as social and private behavior. The Journal publishes both theoretical and applied research results relating to the U.S. and international data. And its contributors investigate various aspects of labor economics, including supply and demand of labor services, personnel economics, distribution of income, unions and collective bargaining, applied and policy issues in labor economics, and labor markets and demographics.
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