lundi 19 avril 2010

Les vertus de l'oubli

Carl Schmitt.

Il fut un temps où le journal de gauche gouvernemental El Pais se faisait l'avocat de l'amnistie et de l'oubli des crimes car il n'est jamais facile de tourner la page d'une guerre civile.

Voici le texte d'une tribune du politologue Carl Schmitt publiée le 21 janvier 1977.

Amnistía es la fuerza de olvidar

Hoy día se habla mucho de amnistía. Se cree que amnistía significa que el Estado deja de perseguir una gran cantidad de acciones o delitos. Así, la amnistía se convierte en un indulto colectivo o en una abolición colectiva, es decir, abolición del procedimiento penal y judicial. Las descargas que implica la amnistía son, sobre todo, descargas del aparato de persecución estatal. Natural mente estas descargas tienen también su ventaja para el interesado, no hay qué olvidarse.Sin embargo, no estaría de más recordar el carácter esencial de la amnistía: la amnistía es una de las formas primordiales de la Historia del Derecho. No olvidemos que se trata aquí de algo imprescindible, que es, al mismo tiempo, algo increíblemente difícil. Una amnistía en el sentido verdadero y auténtico de la palabra significa nada menos que la terminación de la guerra civil.

A sus 89 años, el profesor Carl Schmitt nos hace llegar desde su retiro alemán de Plettenberg un artículo suyo sobre la amnistía escrito en 1949, «Sigo por EL PAIS el cambio político español», escribe el viejo jurista que elaboró hace medio siglo, desde su cátedra de la Universidad de Berlín, la famosa y polémica teoría sobre la dictadura que luego utilizara a su conveniencia Adolfo Hitler

No es fácil terminar una guerra civil. En la actualidad parece casi imposible. Los hombres apenas son capaces de terminar sus guerras interestatales y de encontrar un camino hacia la paz interestatal. Entonces,¿cómo van a encontrar un camino hacia la paz en el interior del Estado, que termine la guerra civil? Forma parte de la guerra civil que cada bando trate al otro como criminal, asesino y saboteador. En la guerra civil, el vencedor de turno está sentado encima de su derecho como encima de un botín. Se venga en nombre del derecho. ¿Cómo es posible romper el círculo vicioso de este mortífero tener razón? ¿Cómo puede terminar la guerra civil?

Echemos un vistazo a algunos ejemplos históricos. Todos sabemos algo de la Odisea, el celebérrimo epos de Homero. Después de las experiencias de los últimos años, lo comprendemos de otra manera que nuestros abuelos. Lo leemos con cierto sobresalto, porque nos cuenta de la venganza de uno que vuelve. Ulises, el héroe astuto, vuelve después de larga ausencia en la guerra, y se venga de los «perros» -así los llama- que se aprovecharon de su ausencia. No pierde el tiempo con diferencias individuales. Tampoco se salvan los simpatizantes jóvenes y poco peligrosos. Doce doncellas, que tuvieron que ver con los perros, serán ahorcadas. Pero los perros tienen su clan, y surge una guerra civil que termina con unos juramentos solemnes, es decir, con una amnistía.

Mucho más tarde, después de treinta años de guerra civil fratricida, la palabra y, con esto, la idea misma llega nítida a la conciencia. Amnistía significa olvidar y una prohibición de revolver el pasado a fin de encontrar allí motivos para otros actos de venganza y reclamaciones de indemnización después de haber castigado a los culpables. Después de la guerra del Peloponeso (431-404 a. C.) se intentó saldar la cuenta del pasado, y allí está el origen de nuestra palabra «amnistía».

Otro ejemplo de la Historia inglesa nos demuestra que se trata de «olvidar». La revolución de Cromwel se terminó, después de la vuelta del rey, en 1660, por una «ley de descarga y olvido» (indemnity and oblivian Act.). ¿Cómo podría haber terminado la revolución si la destrucción y exterminación hubieran seguido su curso? En Inglaterra todavía hoy está en vigor una ley del año 1495. Los ingleses, que desde hace siglos no han tenido una guerra civil, apenas se acuerdan de ella. Sin embargo, sigue en vigor, y bien vale un momento de reflexión. Después de restablecer un gobierno de jure, nadie, que, durante la lucha entre el gobierno de jure y el gobierno de facto, estaba del lado del gobierno de fac, to, debe ser castigado por este hecho.

Pero la tecnificación avanza sin tener en consideración la sabiduría de los siglos. Se pone al servicio de guerras interestatales y civiles. También la justicia se tecnifica y se convierte en instrumento para la liquidación del enemigo y de los estamentos vencidos. También la legislación se convierte en medio de destrucción. Todo esto ya se proclamó hace años, con toda exactitud, por Lenin, el político más moderno y más consciente. Leemos sus escritos de los años 1914 hasta 1920, y volvemos a preguntar: ¿Existe alguna remota posibilidad, hoy día, de que una guerra civil no termine con la liquidación del vencido?

La respuesta está en nuestra capacidad para la amnistía. Mejor dicho, en nuestra fuerza para una auténtica amnistía. Si no entendemos por amnistía nada más que una limosna miserable, que permite al desposeído de sus derechos un paseo por el patio de la prisión, sería mejor no seguir hablando, para no falsificar un gran concepto. No es tan fácil terminar una guerra civil. Después de falsificar tantas palabras, ideas e instituciones, debíamos por lo menos tener cuidado de no envenenar la palabra clave de la paz La amnistía es un acto mutuo de olvidar. No es ni un indulto ni una limosna. Quien acepta la amnistía también tiene que darla, y quien concede amnistía tiene que saber que también la recibe Si nos falta la fuerza y la gracia del olvidar mutuo, debíamos conservar, por lo menos, el recuerdo de un resto de derecho sagrado, para que el último remedio, la capacidad de olvidar mutua, no se pierda por completo. ¿Quién nos dará la fuerza y quién nos enseñará el arte del buen olvidar?
Pour en savoir plus sur Carl Schmitt, ici.

Barack Obama, le doute qui demeure

Un président qui n'ouvre pas ses archives privées.


Un an après mes premiers post sur ce sujet, les doutes d'une minorité active d'Américains sur les origines précises du président Barack Husein Obama (BHO) sont toujours présentes dans le débat politique aux marges de la société américaine.

En témoigne une nouvelle pétition qui circule sur la toile ces jours-ci et qui a le mérite de résumer les questions demeurées sans réponse à ce jour.

Validation of Barack Obama's Constitutional Eligibility

To: Secretaries of State, Attorneys General, Governors, Legislatures, Election Officials and all other controlling legal authorities of elections in the 50 states:

Whereas, by requirement of the United States Constitution, Article 2, Section 1, no one can be sworn into office as president of the United States without being a natural born citizen;

Whereas, there is sufficient controversy within the citizenry of the United
States as to whether presidential election winner Barack Obama was actually
born in Hawaii as he claims;

Whereas, Barack Obama has claimed to be the son of a Kenyan national and a subject of the United Kingdom at birth;

Whereas, Barack Obama was apparently adopted by an Indonesian national stepfather as a child, potentially abrogating his "natural born citizen" status;

Whereas, Barack Obama has refused repeated requests for the release of documents, such as his school records, college records, travel records, passport records, Selective Service records and health records, that might shed light on his citizenship status;

Whereas, Barack Obama has even refused repeated calls to release publicly his entire Hawaiian birth certificate, which would include the actual hospital that performed the delivery;

Whereas, lawsuits filed in several states seeking only proof of the basic minimal standard of eligibility have been rebuffed;

Whereas, this constitutional cloud over the commander-in-chief creates an exceedingly heavy burden on the nation's armed forces, some members of which, at great personal risk to themselves and their careers, are publicly calling for Barack Obama to prove his eligibility;

Whereas, Hawaii at the time of Obama's birth allowed births that took place in foreign countries to be registered in Hawaii;

Whereas, growing concerns that our governments and election officials are not taking this constitutional question seriously will result in diminished confidence in our system of free and fair elections:

jeudi 15 avril 2010

L'extrême-gauche espagnole n'a peur de rien


La une du quotidien d'extrême-gauche gouvernemental espagnol Publico de ce matin est surréaliste et insulte gravement la mémoire des victimes de la terreur rouge en Espagne.

A gauche, une photo de quelques manifestants protestant contre le renvoi du juge Garzon devant un tribunal pour prévarication et corruption sous le titre « Il y eut un génocide en Espagne ».

A droite, la photo d'un Santiago Carrillo, le tueur communiste de Paracuellos del Jarama, souriant et détendu, photographié à l'occasion de la parution de son nouveau livre Los viejos camaradas.

De quoi vomir…

En attendant, El Pais défend le juge. Ici.

El Mundo résume les faits qui lui sont reprochés. Ici.

Lenine et Hitler se sont-ils rencontrés en 1909 ?

Le tableau qui représenterait la rencontre entre les deux grands bourreaux du XXe siècle.

Dans les colonnes du Daily Mail, le journaliste Fay Schlesinger rapporte qu'un tableau représentant une possible rencontre à Vienne en 1909 de Hitler et de Lenine va être mis en vente.

Your move Mr Hitler: Sketch said to show Nazi leader playing chess with Lenin is up for sale

Read more: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1266030/Your-Mr-Hitler-Sketch-said-Nazi-leader-playing-chess-Lenin-sale.html#ixzz0l8mvY2qg

A drawing of Adolf Hitler playing chess against Vladimir Lenin 100 years ago is today expected to fetch up to £40,000 at auction.
For decades historians have argued over the likelihood that two of the world's most notorious dictators pitted their wits against one another over an innocuous chessboard.
But forensic evidence has suggested that signatures on the back of the pencil sketch are those of the Nazi leader and the Russian revolutionary.

Meeting of minds: The sketch of Lenin and Hitler playing chess is said to have been signed by the dictators
The etching, which made headlines last year when it was revealed, is said to have been created by Hitler's Jewish art teacher, Emma Lowenstramm. It is titled 'A chess game: Lenin with Hitler - Vienna 1909'.
The two men are thought to have lived minutes from one another in the Austrian capital in the early 1900s. The teacher's house was renowned as a meeting place for political free thinkers at the time.
But experts have disputed the sketch's authenticity because Hitler, on the left controlling the white pieces, looks too old for a 20-year-old man.
They have also argued Lenin was bald, while the picture shows him to have black hair.
The drawing, which measures 20in by 15in, is one of several versions, but the only one thought to have been signed by the dictators.
A wooden chessboard, found alongside the picture and believed to be the one used by the men could also sell for up to £40,000 at auction in Shropshire today.
Richard Westwood-Brookes, from Mullocks Auctioneers, said: 'Some historians will always debate its authenticity but the evidence it is genuine is compelling. Forensic tests showed an 80 per cent propensity that the signatures are genuine.'
The drawing was passed from Miss Lowenstramm's family to their housekeeper when they fled Vienna before the Second World War.
It was handed down to the housekeeper's great grandson Felix Ednhofer, who spent a lifetime compiling a dossier of evidence which will accompany it at auction. Mr Ednhofer died in the 1990s and his son is selling the sketch.

Reprise des travaux



A la suite d'une longue interruption pour raisons personnelles, j'ai soutenu un Master II en histoire, j'ai l'intention de reprendre progressivement la mise en ligne de mes commentaires liés à l'actualité et à l'histoire. j'y suis notamment invité par le nombre croissant de commentaires laissés par les internautes de passage ce qui démontre que l'intérêt pour cette page n'a pas disparu.

Pour vous remercier de votre patience, une petite perle historico-musicale réservée à mes visiteurs les plus réactionnaires.

Serbi Dio l’Austriaco Regno



Vous avez probablement calé au moment de l'identifier.

Il s'agit de la version de l'hymne autrichien en usage en Lombardie-Vénétie avant la capture de ces malheureuses régions par la monarchie prédatrice piémontaise.

Serbi Dio l’Austriaco Regno,
Guardi il nostro Imperator
Nella fede gli è sostegno,
Regga noi con saggio amor!
Difendiamo il serto avito,
Che Gli adorna il regio crin;

2 volte
Sempre d'Austria il soglio unito,
Sia d’Asburgo col destin!

Pia difesa e forte insieme
Siamo al dritto ed al dover;
E corriam con lieta speme
La battaglia a sostener!
Rammentando le ferite
Che di lauri ci coprir;

2 volte
Noi daremo beni e vite
Alla patria, al nostro Sir.

Dell’industria a’ bei tesori
Sia tutela il buon guerrier;
Incruenti e miti allori
Abbian l’arti ed il saper!
Benedica il Cielo e renda
Glorioso il patrio suol,

2 volte
E pacifico risplenda
Sovra l’Austria ognora il sol!

Siam concordi, In forze unite
Del potere il nerbo sta;
Alte imprese fian compite,
Se concordia in noi sarà .
Siam fratelli, E un sol pensiero
Ne congiunga e un solo cor;

2 volte
Duri eterno questo Impero,
Salvi Iddio l’ Imperator!

Presso a Lui, sposa beata
Del Suo cor l'Eletta sta;
Di quei vezzi inghirlandata,
Che non temono l'età.
Sulla Mite in trono assisa
Versi il Cielo ogni suo don;

2 volte
Salve Augusto, salve Elisa,
E d'Asburgo la Magion!

Pour en savoir plus :

Un superbe soldat italien du 97 RI de Trieste dans sa tenue de combat de la Grande Guerre.

Un site consacré à des soldats italiens de la double-monarchie, ici.

Pour les nostalgiques de l'empire, ici.

mercredi 14 avril 2010

Le juge Garzon mobilise ses copains

Manifestation de la gauche affine au gouvernement en faveur du juge instructeur Baltazar Garzon real.


Confronté à une judicature qui lui demande des comptes, le célébrissime juge Garzon est bien en peine de monter une défense fondée sur des arguments de fait et, surtout, de droit.

Comment peut-il contester l'accusation de prévarication portée contre lui dans l'affaire de l'enquête ouverte sur les crimes du franquisme alors qu'il avait refusé auparavant de poursuivre le seul criminel contre l'humanité encore en vie en Espagne, Santiago Carrillo ?

Comment peut-il contester l'accusation de corruption alors qu'il a accepté plus de 300 000 euros du Banco Santander avant de classer une affaire mettant en cause ce même établissement financier ?

Comment pourrait-il contester qu'il a ordonné des écoutes illégales d'avocats ou encore qu'il a retardé sciemment l'enquête sur l'aide apportée par la hiérarchie policière à l'ETA en pleine négociation entre le gouvernement et la bande terroriste ?

Sur un plan plus psychologique, son enrichissement personnel, son autocratisme, lui ont fait des ennemis parmi ses confrères. Après avoir beaucoup tardé, c'est un juge de gauche, Luciano Varela qui a enfin renvoyé devant des juges la vedette des cabinets d'instruction de Madrid.

C'est donc à l'approche d'une Bérézina judiciaire que Garzon a tenté de pallier aux carences de sa défense par une mobilisation massive de son carnet d'adresses. Le Tohu-bohu hystérico-émotionnel organisé en sa faveur peut se révéler désastreux à long terme car il met en lumière le caractère partisan de son action et la faiblesse de ses arguments.

Sans compter qu'il prend les confrères chargés de son affaire à contre-poil. La réaction des magistrats éclaire bien les risques pris par Garzon.

Tout semble indiquer que Garzon, prévoyant une issue fatale pour sa carrière judiciaire, prépare le terrain pour un rebond plus politique une fois dérobé et détoqué par ses pairs.

Voici un résumé des principaux articles en faveur de Garzon. Ici.

L'arrêt du juge Varela. Ici.

vendredi 15 janvier 2010

Haïti, ce que l'on ne dit pas

Papa Doc Duvalier au temps de sa splendeur.

Dans cet intéressant article, le journaliste John Henly tente dans les colonnes du Guardian d'expliquer les raisons de la faillite de la première république noire du monde, l'ancienne Saint-Domingue. Mais on peut lire ert relire l'article et à aucun moment l'auteur ne parle d'un élément qui saute aux yeux de tous les visiteurs.

Nos visiteurs seront-ils capables de le nommer ?


Haiti: a long descent to hell

Haiti, born of slavery and revolution, has struggled with centuries of crippling debt, exploitation, corruption and violence

'Papa Doc' Duvalier in 1962 (centre, with leg extended), who ruled Haiti with the aid of the murderous Tonton Macoutes militia. Photograph: Robert Lerner/Getty Images

Geography and bad luck are only partly to blame for Haiti's tragedy. There are, plainly, more propitious places for a country and its capital city to find themselves than straddling the major fault line between the North American and Caribbean tectonic plates. It's more than unfortunate to be positioned plumb on the region's principal hurricane track, meaning you would be hit, in the 2008 season alone, by a quartet of storms as deadly and destructive as Fay, Gustav, Hannah and Ike (between them, they killed 800 people, and devastated more than 70% of Haiti's agricultural land). Wretched, also, to have fallen victim to calamitous flooding in 2002, 2003 (twice), 2006 and 2007.

But what has really left Haiti in such a state today, what makes the country a constant and heart-rending site of recurring catastrophe, is its history. In Haiti, the last five centuries have combined to produce a people so poor, an infrastructure so nonexistent and a state so hopelessly ineffectual that whatever natural disaster chooses to strike next, its impact on the population will be magnified many, many times over. Every single factor that international experts look for when trying to measure a nation's vulnerability to natural disasters is, in Haiti, at the very top of the scale. Countries, when it comes to dealing with disaster, do not get worse.

"Haiti has had slavery, revolution, debt, deforestation, corruption, exploitation and violence," says Alex von Tunzelmann, a historian and writer currently working on a book about the country and its near neighbours, the Dominican Republic and Cuba. "Now it has poverty, illiteracy, overcrowding, no infrastructure, environmental disaster and large areas without the rule of law. And that was before the earthquake. It sounds a terrible cliche, but it really is a perfect storm. This is a catastrophe beyond our worst imagination."

It needn't, though, have been like this. In the 18th century, under French rule, Haiti – then called Saint-Domingue – was the Pearl of the Antilles, one of the richest islands in France's empire (though 800,000-odd African slaves who produced that wealth saw precious little of it). In the 1780s, Haiti exported 60% of all the coffee and 40% of all the sugar consumed in Europe: more than all of Britain's West Indian colonies combined. It subsequently became the first independent nation in Latin America, and remains the world's oldest black republic and the second-oldest republic in the western hemisphere after the United States. So what went wrong?

Haiti, or rather the large island in the western Atlantic of which the present-day Republic of Haiti occupies the western part, was discovered by Christopher Columbus in December 1492. The native Taino people knew it as Ayiti, but Columbus claimed it for the Spanish crown and named it La Isla Española. As Spanish interest in the island faltered with the discovery of gold and silver elsewhere in Latin America, the early occupiers moved east, leaving the western part of Hispaniola free for English, Dutch and particularly French buccaneers. The French West India Company gradually assumed control of the colony, and by 1665 France had formally claimed it as Saint-Domingue. A treaty with Spain 30 years later saw Madrid cede the western third of the island to Paris.

Economically, French occupation was a runaway success. But Haiti's riches could only be exploited by importing up to 40,000 slaves a year. For nearly a decade in the late 18th century, Haiti accounted for more than one-third of the entire Atlantic slave trade. Conditions for these men and women were atrocious; the average life expectancy for a slave on Haiti was 21 years. Abuse was dreadful, and routine: "Have they not hung up men with heads downward, drowned them in sacks, crucified them on planks, buried them alive, crushed them in mortars?" wrote one former slave some time later. "Have they not forced them to eat excrement? Have they not thrown them into boiling cauldrons of cane syrup? Have they not put men and women inside barrels studded with spikes and rolled them down mountainsides into the abyss?"

Not surprisingly, the French Revolution in 1789 raised the tricky question of how exactly the Declaration of the Rights of Man might be said to apply both to Haiti's then sizeable population of free gens de couleur (generally the offspring of a white plantation owner and a black concubine) – and ultimately to the slaves themselves. The rebellion of Saint-Domingue's slaves began on the northern plains in August 1791, but the uprising, ensuing bloody civil war and finally bitter and spectacularly brutal battle against Napoleon Bonaparte's forces was not over for another 12 years. As France became increasingly distracted by war with Britain, the French commander, the Vicomte de Rochambeau, was finally defeated in November 1803 (though not before he had hanged, drowned or burned and buried alive thousands of rebels). Haiti declared independence on 1 January 1804.

As Stephen Keppel of the Economist Intelligence Unit puts it, Haiti's revolution may have brought it independence but it also "ended up destroying the country's infrastructure and most of its plantations. It wasn't the best of starts for a fledgling republic." Moreover, in exchange for diplomatic recognition from France, the new republic was forced to pay enormous reparations: some 150m francs, in gold. It was an immense sum, and even reduced by more than half in 1830, far more than Haiti could afford.

"The long and the short of it is that Haiti was paying reparations to France from 1825 until 1947," says Von Tunzelmann. "To come up with the money, it took out huge loans from American, German and French banks, at exorbitant rates of interest. By 1900, Haiti was spending about 80% of its national budget on loan repayments. It completely wrecked their economy. By the time the original reparations and interest were paid off, the place was basically destitute and trapped in a spiral of debt. Plus, a succession of leaders had more or less given up on trying to resolve Haiti's problems, and started looting it instead."

The closing decades, though, of the 19th century did at least mark a period of relative stability. Haitian culture flourished, an intelligentsia emerged, and the sugar and rum industries started to grow once more. But then in 1911 came another revolution, followed almost immediately by nearly 20 years of occu pation by a US terrified that Haiti was about to default on its massive debts. The Great Depression devastated the country's exports. There were revolts and coups and dictatorships, and then, in 1957, came François "Papa Doc" Duvalier. Papa Doc's regime is widely seen as one of the most corrupt and repressive in modern history. He exploited Haiti's traditional belief in voodoo to establish a personal militia, the feared and hated Tonton Macoutes, said to be zombies that he had raised from the dead.

During the 28 years in power of Papa Doc and his playboy son and heir, Jean-Claude Duvalier, or Baby Doc, the Tonton Macoutes and their henchmen killed between 30,00 and 60,000 Haitians, and raped, beat and tortured countless more. Until Baby Doc's eventual flight into exile in 1986, Duvalier père and fils also made themselves very rich indeed. Aid agencies and international creditors donated and lent millions for projects that were often abandoned before completion, or never even started. Generous multi national corporations earned lucrative contracts. According to Von Tunzelmann, the Duvaliers were at times embezzling up to 80% of Haiti's international aid, while the debts they signed up to ­account for 45% of what the country owes today. And when Baby Doc ­finally fled, estimates of what he took with him run as high as $900m.

It is hardly surprising then that Haiti isn't Switzerland. The Duvaliers' departure, as Keppel puts it, "left a void, and a broken and corrupt government. Democracy got off to a really bad start there. The Duvaliers may have bankrupted the government, they may been brutal, but they could keep control of the place. Since they went, Haiti has seen more coups, ousters and social unrest." The country is short on investment, and desperately short on most of the infrastructure and apparatus of a functioning modern state. For Keppel, while Haiti's problems undoubtedly began "a long way back, there have been periods when it could have set itself on a different track". It's the recent transition from dictatorship to democracy that is at the root of today's problems, he believes. "It's led to a situation where the population is continuing to grow, where poverty drives many of them to Port-au-Prince, and where Port-au-Prince, even at the best of times, doesn't have the infrastructure to cope with them. And then comes an earthquake of an unprecedented magnitude . . ."

Von Tunzelmann isn't so sure. Haiti's descent began earlier than that, she believes. One reason why Haiti suffers more than its neighbours from natural disasters like hurricanes and flooding is its massive deforestation, under way in the country since the time of the French occupation, she says. "The French didn't manage the land at all well," she says. "The process of soil erosion really began then. And then in the chaos after the revolution, the land was simply parcelled out into little plots, occupied mainly by individual families. And since the 1950s, people have been cutting it down and cooking on charcoal. As the population has soared, the forests have come down. Haiti is now about 98% deforested. It's extraordinary. You can see it from space. The problem is, it was those ­forests, those tree roots, that held the soil together. So with every new storm, more topsoil and clay disappears." Arable land is reduced, simply, to rubble. Even before the devastating storms of 2008, Haiti's population was starving. There were shocking reports of desperate people mixing vegetable oil with mud to make something that at least looked approximately like a biscuit.

"I wouldn't lay it all at the door of history," says Keppel. "But it's true to say that while this earthquake was unprecedented and unpredictable and would have caused huge problems anywhere, Haiti is impacted by natural disasters much more than some of its neighbours. The infrastructure is so poor; the government can't control all its territory. There's been a whole combination of factors, many of which have repeated themselves over and over, that have left Haiti in the state it's in today."

For Von Tunzelmann, Haiti today is "down there with Somalia, as just about the worst society on earth. Even in Afghanistan, there's a middle class. People aren't living in the sewers." As far back as the 1950s, she says, Haiti was considered unsustainably overcrowded with a population of 3 million; that figure now stands at 9 million. Some 80% of that population live below the poverty line. The country is in an advanced state of industrial collapse, with a GDP per capita in 2009 of just $2 a day. Some 66% of Haitians work in agriculture, but this is mainly small-scale subsistence farming and accounts for less than a third of GDP. The unemployment rate is 75%. Foreign aid accounts for 30%-40% of the government's budget. There are 80 deaths for every 1,000 live births, and the survival rate of newborns is the lowest in the western hemisphere. For many adults, the most promising sources of income are likely to be drug dealing, weapons trading, gang membership, kidnapping and extortion.

Compare Haiti with its neighbours, equally prone to natural disasters but far better equipped to cope because they are far better functioning societies, and the only conclusion possible, says Von Tunzelmann, is that it is Haiti's turbulent history that has brought it to this point. For the better part of 200 years, she argues, rich countries and their banks have been sucking the wealth out of the country, and its own despotic and corrupt leaders have been doing their best to facilitate the process, lining their own pockets handsomely on the way.

Approach Haiti's border with the Dominican Republic and the lush green of the forest begins again: this is a wealthier place. An earthquake here has less impact because constructions are stronger, building regulations are enforced, the government is more stable. In nearby Cuba, hardly a country rolling in money, emergency management is infinitely more effective simply because of a carefully coordinated, block-by-block organisation. Haiti has two fire stations in the entire country – and people on $2 a day cannot afford quake-proof housing.